Syllabus for

Academic Year  (2024)

The paper deals with the nature of government intervention and its implications for allocation, distribution and stabilization. This study involves a formal analysis of government taxation and expenditures. This paper combines a thorough understanding of financial institutions with a careful analysis of the issues which underline budgetary policies in general and the Indian experience in particular.

Course Objectives

• To give the students an in-depth understanding of public debt, government taxation and expenditures.
• To provide students with a thorough understanding of the theories governing public finance.

The nature, scope and significance of public economics; Public vs Private Finance; Principle of Maximum Social advantage: Approaches and Limitations, Functions of Government; Economic functions; allocation, distribution and stabilization; Regulatory functions of the Government and ts economic significance.

Concept of the public sector- Need for the public sector- Concept of public goods- Characteristics of public goods- National vs. local public goods- Merit goods and club goods- Market failure and public Provision- Provision versus production of public goods- Determination of provision of public good- Samuelson’s rule- Externality: the concept of social versus private costs and benefits.

Sources of Public Revenue- Tax revenue and non-tax revenue- Concept of tax- Canons of taxation- Approaches to the principle of Equity in taxation: (a) Ability to Pay principle (b) Benefit Approach- Taxable capacity- Incidence of taxes- Modern theory of incidence- Types of taxation- Laffer curve analysis- GST.

Structure and growth of public expenditure- Pure theories of public expenditure: Samuelson’s pure theory of public expenditure - General Theories of Public Expenditure: (a)Wagner’s Law of increasing state activities (b) Wiseman-Peacock hypothesis (c) Colin Clark’s critical limit hypothesis- Trends of Public expenditure in India- Subsidies in India- Concepts of public debt- Types of public debt- Burden of public debt- Approaches to the burden of public debt (Pigou, Buchanan and Musgrave)- Redemption of public debt- methods- Growth of India’s public debt - interest payments expenditure.

Government budget and its structure – Receipts and   expenditure- Concepts of current and capital account- Functional classification of the budget- Balanced, surplus, and deficit budgets- Concepts of fiscal imbalances- revenue deficit, effective revenue deficit, fiscal deficit and primary deficit- Budget, government policy and its impact (Budget multipliers)- Concept of federalism- Different layers of the government- Principles of federal finance- Inter-governmental transfer and Theory of Grants- Horizontal vs. vertical equity in devolution- Finance Commission

MSE*: Mid Semester Examination, ESE**: End Semester Examination

Course Description:

The course aims at providing the students with the basic understanding of the microeconomic aspect of labour theories and labour market. The students have to understand the labour market structure, wage determination, unemployment, the growth pattern and the changes that have taken place in labour regulations of the country. The course also aims to introduce the various data available in the field of labour and employment such as NSS data on employment and unemployment that will enable the students to associate real situations with theories.

Course Objectives:

The course aims to help students to:

1. demonstrate the microeconomic aspect to understand the functioning of different labour markets.
2. examine the evolving wage payment mechanism and discrimination in the labour market.
3. understand the various determinants of employment, unemployment and the mobility of labour.
4. evaluate the labour regulation and labour market policies in India

Unique features of the labour market; Participants in the labour market; Labour market terminologies; Labour in classical, neo-classical and Keynesian analysis; Evolution of labour economics as a discipline post 1945; Classification of labour markets; Positive and normative economics in the context of labour markets; Labour markets and Pareto efficiency; Causes of labour market failure.

Demand for labour: Determinants of demand for labour, substitution and scale effect, short run vs. long run demand for labour; Firm, industry and market demand for labour; Elasticity of derived demand: The Hicks-Marshall rules, cross elasticity of demand for labour; Supply of labour: Static Labour-Leisure Choices-supply curve of labour; Indifference curves and budget constraints; Reservation wage; Labour market equilibrium: wage and employment determination in monopsony; perfectly competitive and monopoly labour markets; Monopoly union model and its impact on wage rate.

Wage concept and Definitions; minimum wage, living and fair wages; Methods of wage payment: time and piece wage; Wage policy; Objective and importance; Evolving wage structure and differentials in India, productivity-wage relationship in India; Labour market discrimination; Economic analysis of labour market discrimination; Employer and Employee discrimination, Statistical discrimination; measuring discrimination- the Blinder-Oaxaca model.

Determinants of employment and unemployment, Measurement issues; the human capital model, modified human capital model; the added worker and discouraged worker hypothesis; segmented labour market; job search and vacancy analysis; Gender and employment; Unemployment, causes and consequences – technology and employment – Recent trends of employment and unemployment in India; Determinants of labor mobility and migration, Offshoring-Onshoring trends and Visa policies in India.

Role of regulations in labour markets, Economic case for labour market regulations- Labour regulations in India-its impact and their enforcement-Trade unions in India-Factors affecting their growth and measures to help maintain union relevance- ILO Core Labour Standards and its impact on Indian Labour Policy- Recent trends in Working conditions- Social security and Insurance-Welfare Funds-Employment Exchanges-Vocational education and training.

Ehrenberg, R. G., & Smith, R.S. (2012). Modern Labour Economics: Theory and public Policy. (11th ed.). New York: Prentice Hall. 

McConnell, C. R; Stanley, L.B & MacPherson., (2017). Contemporary Labor Economics, (11th ed), New York: McGraw-Hill.

Reynolds, Lloyd. G., & Masters, S. H. (1997). Labour Economics and Labour Relations (11th ed), New York: Pearson.

Reynolds, Lloyd. G., & Masters, S. H. (1997). Labour Economics and Labour Relations (11th ed), New York: Pearson.

Ashenfelter, O., & Card, R. (2011). The Hand book in Labor Economics. (Vol. 4A), New York: North-Holland.

Ashenfelter, O., & Layard. R. (1986). The Hand book in Labor Economics. (Vol.1) New York: North-Holland.

Ashenfelter, O., & Layard. R. (1999). The Hand book in Labor Economics. (Vol.3A, 3B, & 3C). New York: North-Holland.

Becker, G. S., (1992). Human Capital: Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education (3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

One of the requirements of B.A. (Economics, Media Studies, Political Science) students at CHRIST (Deemed to be University) is the ability to apply theoretical knowledge acquired in their course to practical applications.  Hence, the students are expected to complete a short internship during the summer break after the fourth semester as part of the course curriculum.   Having undergone extensive understanding/training in Economics/Political Science/Media studies theories, Statistics & Econometrics, and Research Methodology, this course enables students to demonstrate an understanding of how to apply theoretical knowledge to practice in different organizations/institutions of their choice. The minimum duration of the internship is stipulated as four weeks. It is evaluated based on set criteria out of 50 marks and has a maximum of two (2) credits.

Course Objectives: 

The course aims to help students to:

• apply theoretical knowledge to practical, real-life problems.
• analyse data/information through a scientific method.
• relate the acquired skills in practical application(s) and gain industry experience.

The students are expected to identify and communicate to the organisation/ institution where they want to pursue their internship.  The same should be communicated to the Department of Economics and get approved before the commencement of the internship.  As a requirement, the students must submit a letter of confirmation of their internship from the interning organisation/ institution.  After completing the internship, the students should submit a final Internship Report and Bluebook (internship diary) for evaluation (includes viva-voce examination).

The students are expected to identify and communicate to the organisation/ institution where they want to pursue their internship. The same should be communicated to the Department of Media Studies and get approved before the commencement of the internship.  A letter of confirmation from the organisation has to be submitted to the department before the internship commences.  The internship has to be undertaken by the student for four weeks (minimum 24 days).  A Daily work log has to be maintained by the student through the internship course, and the same should be submitted weekly to the faculty mentor.  The student must submit a Consolidated Internship Report [FINAL REPORT] to the department after completing the four-week internship.   A Certificate / Letter of Completion issued by the organisation has to be submitted to the department.

The students are expected to identify and communicate to the organisation/ institution they want to pursue their internship.  The same should be communicated to the Department of International Studies, Political Science and History, and approved before the commencement of the internship.  A letter of confirmation from the organisation has to be submitted to the department before the internship commences.  The internship has to be undertaken by the student for four weeks (minimum 24 days).  A Daily work report followed by weekly reports must be maintained and submitted on time by the student to the respective faculty mentor.  The student must submit a final internship report and the Internship dairy copy to the department after completing the four-week internship and along with all the required documents.  A Certificate of Completion issued by the organisation has to be submitted to the faculty and the department.  VIVA will be conducted to review the work done by the student to assess the learning outcomes.

Media Studies Internship:

Political Science Internship: 

This course will explore culture, society and the representation of gender through media and the ways in which media content enables, facilitates and challenges these social constructions in society. Students will focus on the gendered aspects of society and culture.

Course Objectives

The course aims to help students to:

• Gain insight into the ways in which gender and its intersections with race, ethnicity and class is enacted and represented
• Explore the socio-cultural mechanisms that shape our individual and collective notions of identity 
• Make sense of what it means to be male, female or the third gender

• Concepts of sex and gender
• Gender identity
• Gender expression
• Transgender, and transsexual
• History of gender issues and feminism; Feminist theory

• Gender and Media: Industry, audience, text
• Judith Lorber, “Believing is Seeing: Biology as Ideology”
• Laura Mulvey, “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema”
• Media representation: Femininities, Sexualities, Masculinity and visual culture analysis
• Brenda Cooper, “Boys Don’t Cry and Female Masculinity: Reclaiming a Life and Dismantling the Politics of Normative Heterosexuality
• Media Production: Gendered media
• Kristen Shilt, “I’ll Resist With Every Inch and Every Breath: Girls and Zine Making as a Form of Resistance”
•  Digital Culture: gender and online self-presentation Sharon Cumberland, “Private Uses of Cyberspace: Women, Desire, and Fan Culture”
• Contemporary gender movements (Case study)  
• He for She, Me too movement, Times Up

• Concept of culture and society
• Cultural values, cultural norms, cultural diversity
• Culture-high culture, low culture
• Global culture-cultural diffusion, role of mass media
• Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension

• Interplay between Media and Society
• Cultural implications
• Popular Culture and Society
• Through the lens of film, music, games, television, fashion, comic and sports
• Media representation: Minorities
• Globalization and the future
• Social issues and social media-digital culture

Course Description 

This course provides students with the knowledge of theoretical and structural models of marketing communication and aims to equip students with the tools necessary to create promotional campaigns. Students will be actively involved in designing and implementing various communication strategies in marketing.

course objectives

The course aims to help students to:

• Understand the concept, theories and communication strategies.
• Understand consumer’s psychology and behaviour. 
• Equip students with the latest concepts and techniques of marketing communication to meet customer demand on social media platforms.

Market: Definition, Concept, Meaning; Marketing concept; Marketing mix; Environmental factors; Marketing planning and strategies; basic concepts of communication: Model, theory and cycle.

Psychological influences affect consumer behaviour; Major socio-cultural influences on consumer behaviour; Stages in the consumer decision process.

Integrated Marketing Communication; Meaning and role of IMC in the marketing process, One voice, Inside out approach, Outside in approach; IMC Tools: Advertising, Public Relations, Direct marketing, Personal Selling, Sponsorship; Developing IMC: Objectives, Budget, Media planning and selection decisions, Implementation, Measuring the effectiveness of all Promotional tools and IMC; Case Study: Selected Brands

Overview of Social Media; Social media campaigns; Application of Social media management tools (create advertising campaigns for Social media)

Course Description:

This course is a comprehensive study of International Relations. It provides a foundational understanding of the theories and concepts of International relations. It will aid the students to analyse the major themes in international affairs and world politics.

Course Objectives:

The course aims to help students to:

• Demonstrate an understanding of different schools of thought in International Relations.
• Develop an ability to integrate the theories and contextualize contemporary global events.
• Outline the behaviour of nation-states in the international arena.

International Relations: Meaning, nature, scope and importance; Concepts and Theories of International Relations – Realism and Neo – Realism Liberalism and Constructivism.

International Relations: Meaning, nature, scope and importance; Concepts and Theories of International Relations – Realism and Neo – Realism Liberalism and Constructivism.

National Power: Meaning, elements, evaluation of national power.

National Security: Traditional and Non-Traditional concept of security

Human Security: Meaning and Importance        

National Power: Meaning, elements, evaluation of national power.

National Security: Traditional and Non-Traditional concept of security

Human Security: Meaning and Importance        

War: Meaning, Nature, Causes, Types and Remedies.

Terrorism – Causes, Types, Role of State and Non-State actors in Terrorism, Counter terrorism.  

War: Meaning, Nature, Causes, Types and Remedies.

Terrorism – Causes, Types, Role of State and Non-State actors in Terrorism, Counter terrorism.  

Concepts and Approaches to Pacific Settlement of International Disputes.                                                                                                  

Concepts and Approaches to Pacific Settlement of International Disputes.                                                                                                  

Nature, Objectives, Determinants, Instruments of Foreign Policy

Diplomacy – Nature, Functions, Privileges and Immunities. Types of Diplomacy.  

Nature, Objectives, Determinants, Instruments of Foreign Policy

Diplomacy – Nature, Functions, Privileges and Immunities. Types of Diplomacy.  

Heywood, A (2014), Global Politics, Palgrave Foundation.

Martin Griffiths and Terry O Callaghan (2002) ‘International Relations: The Key Concepts’.     Routledge London and New York.

Brown, C and Kirsten Ainley (2005), ‘Understanding International Relations’ 3rd edition, Palgrave Macmillan New York.

Crenshaw, M. (1981). The causes of terrorism. Comparative politics, 13(4), 379-399

Devatak, D, Anthony Burke and Jim George (2007), ‘An Introduction to International Relations: Australian Perspectives’, Cambridge University Press.

Hans J Morgenthau (1948)‘Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace’, Alfred A Knopf, New York.

Kenneth Waltz(1979) ‘Theory of International Politics’. Addison-Wesley Publications.

Course Description: 

It would be a severe underestimation to consider Western Political Thought as just another discipline, as Western Political Thought is a testament of political creation. Western political Thought narrates the story of how to constitute an ideal body-politic, but the ideal has never been exhausted, which has inspired thinkers from Plato to Marx to articulate their own version of ideal body-politic. The course is designed to introduce students to main thinkers of Western Political Thought, to give them an idea as how Western Political Thought has developed. The course would attempt to give students a rigorous overview of Western Political thought by evoking the original text of thinkers concerned. The course would engage with texts like Plato’s Republic, Aristotle’s Politics and Machiavelli’s The Prince. The course would also attempt to develop a culture of doing a rigorous, hermeneutic way of reading a text which will also take into consideration the context into which thinkers ‘performed’ their philosophy.

CourseObjectives:

The course aims to help students to:

• The nature, emergence and trajectory of Western Political Thought

• The major ideas, thinkers and debates emerging from Western Political Thought

Hobbes. (2009). The Leviathan. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

J.J Rousseau. (1998). The Social Contract. Wordsworth Editions Limited, London.

Karl Marx. (1988). The Communist Manifesto. Simon & Schuster. New York.

Machiavelli. (2011). The Prince. Penguin; UK edition

Plato. (2003). The Republic. Penguin Classics.

C L Wayper. (2018). Political Thought. AITBS Publishers, New Delhi.

Sir Ernest Barker. (2009). The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle. Dover Publications.

Sushila Ramaswamy and Mukherjee. (2012). A History of Political Thought. Second edition. Prentice Hall India Learning Private Limited.

This course offers selected classical and modern concepts and theories of Public Administration. It introduces the evolution of public administration as a discipline and the significance of dichotomy between political science and public administration. Specifically, it provides basic concepts and principles like organisation, hierarchy, unity of command, span of control, authority, and responsibility etc. Besides, students learn core theories of public administration and new frontiers in the field of public administration.

Course Objectives:

The course aims to help students to:

• understand the nature and importance of public administration and its evolution as a discipline. 
• critically reflect on theories in public administration and their general applicability in governmental context.
• analyse new frontiers in the field of administrative science in general and administrative behaviour in particular.

Meaning, approaches, Scope and Significance. Evolution of the Discipline. Public Administration and its distinction with Political Science and Management.

Meaning, approaches, Scope and Significance. Evolution of the Discipline. Public Administration and its distinction with Political Science and Management.

State Vs Market Debate. Public-Private Partnership. New Public Management Perspective. E-Governance. SMART Governance. Digital Administration. Corporate Governance.

State Vs Market Debate. Public-Private Partnership. New Public Management Perspective. E-Governance. SMART Governance. Digital Administration. Corporate Governance.

Organization. Hierarchy. Unity of Command. Span of Control. Authority and Responsibility. Coordination. Supervision. Centralization and Decentralisation. Line, Staff, and Auxilliary Agencies.

Organization. Hierarchy. Unity of Command. Span of Control. Authority and Responsibility. Coordination. Supervision. Centralization and Decentralisation. Line, Staff, and Auxilliary Agencies.

Taylor’s Scientific Management. Fayol’s Administrative Management. Herbert A. Simon on Decision Making in an organization, David Easton and Chester Bernard’s Systems Approach.

Taylor’s Scientific Management. Fayol’s Administrative Management. Herbert A. Simon on Decision Making in an organization, David Easton and Chester Bernard’s Systems Approach.

Elton Mayo’s Theory of Human Relations. Socio-psychological Approach: Views of Abraham Maslow and Frederick Herzberg, Views of Douglas McGregor and Victor Vroom, Follett’s Theory of Conflict and Integration.

Elton Mayo’s Theory of Human Relations. Socio-psychological Approach: Views of Abraham Maslow and Frederick Herzberg, Views of Douglas McGregor and Victor Vroom, Follett’s Theory of Conflict and Integration.

Mid Semester Examination

End Semester Examination

The primary objective of this project is to raise awareness of SDGs 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Taken together, theyprovide a wide-ranging framework to help us tackle the most pressing social and environmental challenges of our time. For the average person learning about the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its ambitions and its far-fetching requirements, it might be easy to think “they don’t apply to me.” This project is exactly aimed at breaking that glass ceiling. Sustainability doesn't always have to be an expensive affair, it should not be limited to a hobby, but a lifestyle. One that can be inculcated in our everyday lives.

Secondly, it becomes a rather important topic to be able to create an enabling environment for sustainable development in the spirit of solidarity and global partnership. It aims to inhibit sustainable practices in students so that we can achieve a sustainable present and future. Thinking from a 21st-century perspective we are in an environmental crisis. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) may be utilised as a framework and tool to help students improve their research, critical thinking, problem-solving, teamwork, and communication abilities. These 21st-century abilities will prepare students for the real-world issues they will confront throughout their lives.

Composting is a low-cost, natural process that converts your kitchen and garden waste into nutrient-dense food for your plants. It's simple to put together and use. Compost is extremely eco-friendly as they are a substitute for chemical fertilizers. According to new research, over half of the food waste in the average trash can might have been composted. Composting your food and garden waste at home can help to minimise the quantity of trash transported to landfills or other more expensive types of treatment. Because of these reasons the students choosing this project are supposed to build a compost and sustain it for at least the time duration of the project, they are advised to use natural resources that usually end up in the dumpster for this project for example fruit and vegetable peels etc. If the project is to be continued in Bangalore itself, they might have the liability to use the university premises/resources to continue the same.

Composting is a low-cost, natural process that converts your kitchen and garden waste into nutrient-dense food for your plants. It's simple to put together and use. Compost is extremely eco-friendly as they are a substitute for chemical fertilizers. According to new research, over half of the food waste in the average trash can might have been composted. Composting your food and garden waste at home can help to minimise the quantity of trash transported to landfills or other more expensive types of treatment. Because of these reasons the students choosing this project are supposed to build a compost and sustain it for at least the time duration of the project, they are advised to use natural resources that usually end up in the dumpster for this project for example fruit and vegetable peels etc. If the project is to be continued in Bangalore itself, they might have the liability to use the university premises/resources to continue the same.

Composting is a low-cost, natural process that converts your kitchen and garden waste into nutrient-dense food for your plants. It's simple to put together and use. Compost is extremely eco-friendly as they are a substitute for chemical fertilizers. According to new research, over half of the food waste in the average trash can might have been composted. Composting your food and garden waste at home can help to minimise the quantity of trash transported to landfills or other more expensive types of treatment. Because of these reasons the students choosing this project are supposed to build a compost and sustain it for at least the time duration of the project, they are advised to use natural resources that usually end up in the dumpster for this project for example fruit and vegetable peels etc. If the project is to be continued in Bangalore itself, they might have the liability to use the university premises/resources to continue the same.

From a practical standpoint, those who garden do so because they enjoy growing their own fruit and veg, and they like the sense of achievement of being able to serve their family fresh, healthy, homegrown produce. But from a wider perspective, gardening can mean much more. Many

People lead busy lives, and we feel that inspiring others to stay in touch with nature, slow down and just enjoy the simple things in life is important. Gardening also fits perfectly into the ideals of reducing, reusing and recycling. Sustainable gardening is a process of growing foods at home that doesn’t cause harm to the environment. It’s an organic farming method that allows house members to grow food in a smart and eco-friendly way. It’s a win-win situation, whichever way you look at it. It can take the form of growing anything and everything possible from a small herb gardening to vegetable growing in your kitchen garden.

From a practical standpoint, those who garden do so because they enjoy growing their own fruit and veg, and they like the sense of achievement of being able to serve their family fresh, healthy, homegrown produce. But from a wider perspective, gardening can mean much more. Many

People lead busy lives, and we feel that inspiring others to stay in touch with nature, slow down and just enjoy the simple things in life is important. Gardening also fits perfectly into the ideals of reducing, reusing and recycling. Sustainable gardening is a process of growing foods at home that doesn’t cause harm to the environment. It’s an organic farming method that allows house members to grow food in a smart and eco-friendly way. It’s a win-win situation, whichever way you look at it. It can take the form of growing anything and everything possible from a small herb gardening to vegetable growing in your kitchen garden.

From a practical standpoint, those who garden do so because they enjoy growing their own fruit and veg, and they like the sense of achievement of being able to serve their family fresh, healthy, homegrown produce. But from a wider perspective, gardening can mean much more. Many

People lead busy lives, and we feel that inspiring others to stay in touch with nature, slow down and just enjoy the simple things in life is important. Gardening also fits perfectly into the ideals of reducing, reusing and recycling. Sustainable gardening is a process of growing foods at home that doesn’t cause harm to the environment. It’s an organic farming method that allows house members to grow food in a smart and eco-friendly way. It’s a win-win situation, whichever way you look at it. It can take the form of growing anything and everything possible from a small herb gardening to vegetable growing in your kitchen garden.

This project requires you to choose a set of household items from your house/PG/Hostel or neighbourhood and provide a new meaning and usefulness to it by the process of either recycling or reusing. This can include using one particular thing and working on it for a couple of months or it can either be a set of items being reused/recycled in the span of the project.

Benefits of Reducing and Reusing

• Prevents pollution caused by reducing the need to harvest new raw materials

• Saves energy

• Reduces greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global climate change

• Helps sustain the environment for future generations

• Saves money

• Reduces the amount of waste that will need to be recycled or sent to landfills and incinerators

This project requires you to choose a set of household items from your house/PG/Hostel or neighbourhood and provide a new meaning and usefulness to it by the process of either recycling or reusing. This can include using one particular thing and working on it for a couple of months or it can either be a set of items being reused/recycled in the span of the project.

Benefits of Reducing and Reusing

• Prevents pollution caused by reducing the need to harvest new raw materials

• Saves energy

• Reduces greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global climate change

• Helps sustain the environment for future generations

• Saves money

• Reduces the amount of waste that will need to be recycled or sent to landfills and incinerators

This project requires you to choose a set of household items from your house/PG/Hostel or neighbourhood and provide a new meaning and usefulness to it by the process of either recycling or reusing. This can include using one particular thing and working on it for a couple of months or it can either be a set of items being reused/recycled in the span of the project.

Benefits of Reducing and Reusing

• Prevents pollution caused by reducing the need to harvest new raw materials

• Saves energy

• Reduces greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global climate change

• Helps sustain the environment for future generations

• Saves money

• Reduces the amount of waste that will need to be recycled or sent to landfills and incinerators

This includes choosing foods that involve selecting the right ingredients for our dishes, ingredients that are not only healthy for our bodies but our environment too. The move away from processed foods is intended to help minimise the negative environmental effect of food production, eliminate food-related illnesses, and prolong people's lives. The project has a large spectrum from coming up with new recipes on a platter to save the environment to making sustainable food a lifestyle. The creativity spectrum is open for the students to experiment and explore.

The second option available, sustainable fashion. This focuses on a way to responsible consumerism and the model of recycle, reuse and reduce. Fast fashion has paved its way up the market into the most extravagant way. Clothing is purposely made to be consumed fast at low prices, causing buyers to regard clothing as disposable, wearing it only a few times before discarding it or replacing it with newer and trendier inexpensive clothing.

Fast fashion is unsustainable since it depletes natural resources at exponential rates, abuses people all over the world, and results in an oversupply of clothing. The Costly Environmental Impact of Fast Fashion - Power Over Energy. Clothing and textiles production releases 1.2 billion tonnes of greenhouse gases every year – that's more than the combined emissions for all international flights and shipping. Sustainable fashion (also known as eco-fashion) is a movement and a process that aims to improve the ecological integrity and social justice of fashion items and the fashion sector. Fashion fabrics and goods are only one aspect of sustainable fashion. Creating a sustainable fashion portfolio, or textiles or re- thinking and re-designing the way we think about fashion. This particular project wants the student to think beyond the norm in the fashion industry, come up with a personal sustainable style statement.

This includes choosing foods that involve selecting the right ingredients for our dishes, ingredients that are not only healthy for our bodies but our environment too. The move away from processed foods is intended to help minimise the negative environmental effect of food production, eliminate food-related illnesses, and prolong people's lives. The project has a large spectrum from coming up with new recipes on a platter to save the environment to making sustainable food a lifestyle. The creativity spectrum is open for the students to experiment and explore.

The second option available, sustainable fashion. This focuses on a way to responsible consumerism and the model of recycle, reuse and reduce. Fast fashion has paved its way up the market into the most extravagant way. Clothing is purposely made to be consumed fast at low prices, causing buyers to regard clothing as disposable, wearing it only a few times before discarding it or replacing it with newer and trendier inexpensive clothing.

Fast fashion is unsustainable since it depletes natural resources at exponential rates, abuses people all over the world, and results in an oversupply of clothing. The Costly Environmental Impact of Fast Fashion - Power Over Energy. Clothing and textiles production releases 1.2 billion tonnes of greenhouse gases every year – that's more than the combined emissions for all international flights and shipping. Sustainable fashion (also known as eco-fashion) is a movement and a process that aims to improve the ecological integrity and social justice of fashion items and the fashion sector. Fashion fabrics and goods are only one aspect of sustainable fashion. Creating a sustainable fashion portfolio, or textiles or re- thinking and re-designing the way we think about fashion. This particular project wants the student to think beyond the norm in the fashion industry, come up with a personal sustainable style statement.

This includes choosing foods that involve selecting the right ingredients for our dishes, ingredients that are not only healthy for our bodies but our environment too. The move away from processed foods is intended to help minimise the negative environmental effect of food production, eliminate food-related illnesses, and prolong people's lives. The project has a large spectrum from coming up with new recipes on a platter to save the environment to making sustainable food a lifestyle. The creativity spectrum is open for the students to experiment and explore.

The second option available, sustainable fashion. This focuses on a way to responsible consumerism and the model of recycle, reuse and reduce. Fast fashion has paved its way up the market into the most extravagant way. Clothing is purposely made to be consumed fast at low prices, causing buyers to regard clothing as disposable, wearing it only a few times before discarding it or replacing it with newer and trendier inexpensive clothing.

Fast fashion is unsustainable since it depletes natural resources at exponential rates, abuses people all over the world, and results in an oversupply of clothing. The Costly Environmental Impact of Fast Fashion - Power Over Energy. Clothing and textiles production releases 1.2 billion tonnes of greenhouse gases every year – that's more than the combined emissions for all international flights and shipping. Sustainable fashion (also known as eco-fashion) is a movement and a process that aims to improve the ecological integrity and social justice of fashion items and the fashion sector. Fashion fabrics and goods are only one aspect of sustainable fashion. Creating a sustainable fashion portfolio, or textiles or re- thinking and re-designing the way we think about fashion. This particular project wants the student to think beyond the norm in the fashion industry, come up with a personal sustainable style statement.

Course Description

The course provides a basic foundation in the theories of international economics.  It also enables the understanding of the trade policies and practices adopted in various countries as well as the impact of the same. The motives and effects of labour and capital mobility are brought out to facilitate the understanding of factor movement. The course exposes the students to the forms of economic integration in theory and practice.  The module on the structure of the balance of payments and foreign exchange markets gives an in-depth view of the same and the issues therein. The course concludes with a discussion on the financial liberalisation and economic crises in recent times.

Course Objectives:

The course aims to:

1. introduce the different theories pertaining to international trade.

2. enhance the understanding of trade policies and practices adopted globally.

3. bring out the motives and effects of global labour and capital movement.

4. provide a theoretical and practical understanding of the forms and effects of economic integration. 

5. comprehend the interlinkages between the balance of payment, foreign exchange markets, financial liberalisation and economic crises. 

The Subject Matter of International Economics; Trade Based on Absolute Advantage; Trade Based on Comparative Advantage; Misconceptions about comparative advantage; Comparative advantage in practice.

Heckscher-Ohlin Theory; Factor-Price Equalization, Effect of Trade on Income Distribution; Empirical Tests of the Heckscher-Ohlin Model–The Leontief Paradox; Empirical relevance of the H-O theory in the current period; Economies of Scale and International Trade; Imperfect Competition and International Trade-Intra industry trade; Technological gap and Product Cycle models

Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff; General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Small Country – Import Quotas; Other Non-tariff Barriers; Neo- Protectionism.

International labour mobility: motives and effects of international labour mobility; International capital movement-Portfolio investments and direct investments, motives for international capital flows, effects of international capital flows; MNCs.

Trade-Creating Customs Unions; Trade-Diverting Customs Unions; The Theory of the Second Best and Other Static Welfare Effects of Customs Unions; European Union; Multilateralism –WTO.

Balance of Payments Principles; Disequilibrium in BoP, BoP Crisis in India in 1991; Functions of the Foreign Exchange Markets; Foreign Exchange Rates; Purchasing Power Parity Theory; Stable and Unstable Foreign Exchange Markets; Rupee Convertibility.

 Issues with respect to financial liberalisation and globalisation; Economic Crises: Asian crisis, Global financial crisis and Euro crisis. 

Bowen, H., Hollander A. &Viaene J. (2012). Applied International Trade Analysis. London: Macmillan Publication. 

Dornbusch, R. (1980). Open Economy Macroeconomics (International Students Edition).  New York: Basic Books. 

Kapila, U. (2018). Indian Economy: Performance and Policies. (17th ed.). New Delhi: Academic Foundation.

Krugman, P., Obstfeld, M. & Melitz,M. (2012). International Economics: Theory and Policy. (9th ed.). New Delhi: Pearson Education.

Lobo, R. (2003). Southeast Asian Crisis: An Economic Analysis. New Delhi:  Serials Publication.

Mankiw, G. N. (2012). Principles of Macroeconomics. (6th ed.). New Delhi: Cengage Learning India.

Marrewijk, C.V. (2007). International Economics: Theory, Application and Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

McGee, R. (2016). Ethics in International Trade.

Mihalcea, A. D., & Anghel, l. C. Romanian Capital Market: On the Road Toward an Emergent Market Status. Challenging the Status Quo in Management and Economics, 168.

Reddy, Y.V. (2011). Global Crisis, Recession and Uneven Recovery. Hyderabad: Orient BlackSwan.

Stiglitz, J. (2016). The Euro and its Threat to the Future of Europe. London: Penguin.

Course Description:

The course introduces students to the conceptual and practical operations of the financial markets, institutions and instruments network in Indian context.  The course gives a brief understanding of the topics of financial regulations, equity market, stock evaluation, stock returns and derivative market including hedging and arbitrage

Course Objectives:

To train students to:

1. perceive the significance of finance by understanding the operational issues of capital and money markets.
2. analyse the economic conditions of India, before and after liberalization policies were introduced and how it contributed to several financial sector reforms. 
3. comprehend the role of capital markets, their operations, stock valuations and stock risk-return analysis. 
   

Role of financial intermediation - Financial markets - Money vs. capital markets - Primary vs. secondary markets - Instruments in the money market - Instruments in the capital markets -  Financial institutions; Banking and credit.

Money Market regulations – Banking sector reforms – quarterly credit policy of RBI - Capital market regulations of SEBI- Legal issues in security trading - FERA & FEMA - Capital account convertibility; International regulatory framework.

IPO and Book building process - Private vs. Public placement – Stock market indexes - Stock quotations – understanding secondary market operations.

Stock evaluation methods -    Fundamental vs. Technical analysis - Factors affecting stock prices - Economic factors - Market related factors - Firm specific factors - Indicators of future stock prices - Efficient Market Hypothesis -    Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM).

Measures of risk - Risk and return framework and investment decisions - Methods of determining maximum expected loss – Estimating beta of the stock.

Financial future market: Markowitz model - Valuation of financial futures - Option market - Speculation with option market – Hedging - Arbitrage and foreign exchange futures market.

Bharti, P. (2018). Indian Financial System, 5/e. Pearson Education India.

Madura, Jeff. (2015). Financial Institutions and Markets (11th ed.), Cengage Learning, USA.

Bailey, R. E. (2005). The economics of financial markets. Cambridge University Press.

Copeland, T. E., Weston, J. F., & Shastri, K. (2005). Financial theory and corporate policy. (4thed.), Pearson.

Farrell, J. L., & Reinhart, W. J. (1997). Portfolio management: theory and application. McGraw-Hill.

Fisher, E. Donald., & Jordan, J. Roland. (1995). Security Analysis and Portfolio management (6th ed.), Pearson India.

Hearth, D., & Zaima, J. K. (2001). Contemporary investments: security and portfolio analysis. Harcourt College Publ.

Hull, J. C., (2016). Futures, Options and other Derivatives (9thed.), Pearson.

Khan, M. Y. (2013). Indian financial system. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.

L. M. Bhole., & J. Mahakud.(2009). Financial Institutions and Markets (5thed.), McGraw-Hill.

Course Description

One of the requirements of BA EMP students at CHRIST is to acquire the ability to conduct academic research under the guidance of a Research Supervisor. Students are free to choose research topics in either Economics, Media Studies, or Political Science or to take up multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary research work. Having undergone extensive training in research methodology, this course enables students to demonstrate an understanding of how to apply theoretical knowledge to practice by investigating and carefully evaluating real-life problems. The dissertation should be a minimum of 10,000 words in length (or approximately 35 pages to 50 pages) formatted following the APA 7th Edition guidelines. The word count includes the title, table of content, text, tables, citations, quotations, and footnotes. The certificate pages, acknowledgment page, the abstract (150 - 250 words, with 5 Keywords), the reference list, and the appendices are excluded from the word count.

Course Objectives

The course aims to:

• inculcate in students the rigour of research work.
• imbibe in students the spirit of inquiry.
• train students to read academic research journal articles
• train the students in the application of different research tools in social science/arts.
• train the students in various research methods in economics, media studies, and political science.
• orient students to new fields of research in economics, media studies, or political science.

• CO1: develop research aptitude.
• CO2: identify research topics/areas.
• CO3: formulate a research problem statement.
• CO4: identify the sources and types of reference materials.
• CO5: carry out an effective review of literature.
• CO6: formulate research questions, objectives, and hypotheses.
• CO7: identify and utilize tools for analyzing the data.
• CO8: interpret the findings.
• CO9: suggest recommendations and policies for solving the problems studied.

The dissertation work is carried out under the guidance of a faculty member with regular / weekly scheduled meetings with attendance for discussion of the progress of the work and timely interim presentations before a panel of faculty members to assess the quality of the work. The communication has to be in a formal mode between the dissertation supervisor and the student. The final submission of the dissertation is followed by a viva-voce on the topic of the research.

 Media Studies Dissertation: 

Advertising & Public Relations is one of the fastest emerging fields of professional employment in Corporate businesses, Government organizations and other Institutions. Advertising & Public Relations is an introductory paper to acquaint the media students with the scope the individual Fields of communications offer as also the interdependency and influence that come with it. Many public relations personnel benefit from a knowledge of the workings of media. The field of PR is growing as many have understood the subtle influence that it brings to bear on people’s perception.

Objectives:

The course aims to help students :

• To equip students with the latest concepts and techniques of advertising and public relations
• To understand market insights into strategies that attract eyeballs
• To capture the consumer’s mind
• To understand the present practices in advertising and public relations.

• Advertising Importance and Functions
• Advertising as a tool of communication,
• Role of Advertising in Marketing mix
• Types of advertising and New trends

• PR Advertising Theories and Models
• AIDA model
• DAGMAR Model
• Maslow’s Hierarchy Model
• Communication theories applied to advertising

• Advertising through Print, electronic and online media
• Ethical & Regulatory Aspects of Advertising
• Apex Bodies in Advertising
• AAAI
• ASCI

• Concepts and practices
• Introduction to Public Relations
• Growth and development of PR Importance
• Role and Functions of PR Principles
• Tools of Public relations
• PR-Publics and campaigns
• Research for PR Managing promotions and functions.

Course Description: 

Film Studies is the study of the production, aesthetics and history of the 20th century’s most important visual medium - the cinema. As a storytelling device, as a historical document, as an expression of imagination, and as an artistic object, it is unmatched as a form that is capable of capturing our interest and provoking the senses. The cinema can create worlds of magic, and fantasy just as easily as it can expose the dim reality of actually lived life. Our primary interest will be in reading, in this case, reading the language of cinema, in order to improve our critical understanding of the way texts create meaning.

Course Objectives:

The course aims to help students to:

• Explore the major aesthetic trends in the history of cinema.
• Understand the nature and process of film production.
• Learn how to read and analyze films
• Familiarize with certain theoretical ideas presented by major film theorists.

• The growth and development of cinema in the world; Film as a medium of mass communication; Cinema as art, industry and business; Important stages of development of cinema: Planning and Research, Shooting, Editing, Distribution; Forms of cinema: Fiction, Documentary, Educational and instructional, Animation

• Characteristic of the film medium; Mise-en-Scene, Shot composition; Psychological and aesthetic significance

• Politics and Cinema; Sociology of cinema; Censorship of films, Pre- and post-independence Indian Cinema, Government bodies related to cinema; National and Regional Cinema.

The Political Economy of Film; Film festivals and film awards; Corporatization of the film industry; Globalisation and cinema

New wave cinema; Realist Film Theory; Auteur theory; Marxist film theory; Formative Film Theory 

Barnouw, E. (1980). Indian film. New York: Oxford University Press.

Canudo, R. (1911). Birth of the Sixth Art 

Canudo, R. (1927). Manifesto of the Seven Arts - Literature/Film Quarterly, SUMMER 1975, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 252-254

Gokulsing, K. M., & Dissanayake, W. (Eds.). (2013). Routledge Handbook of Indian cinemas. Routledge.

Monaco, J. (1981). How to read a film: The art, technology, language, history, and theory of film and media. New York: Oxford University Press.

Hill, J., Gibson, P. C., Dyer, R., Kaplan, E. A., & Willemen, P. (Eds.). (1998). The Oxford guide to film studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Course Description

The course explores issues important to world politics. It specifically intends to introduce students to international law, international organizations, regionalism, international economic order, and India’s foreign policy with major powers. 

Course Objectives

The course aims to help students to:

•  illustrate factual and historical aspects of international issues.
•  apply theories of international law, international organizations and regionalism to contemporary world events.
• orient students to approaches of globalization in the changing world order
• outline the evolution and changing dynamics of India’s foreign policy.

International Law: Meaning, nature, scope, importance, sources.

International Organizations: United Nations –principles and organization and working

International Law: Meaning, nature, scope, importance, sources.

International Organizations: United Nations –principles and organization and working

Post War International Economic Order- IMF, IBRD, WTO, New International Economic Order (NIEO).            

Post War International Economic Order- IMF, IBRD, WTO, New International Economic Order (NIEO).            

Regional Integration Process – Origin & Purpose, European Union (EU), ASEAN, SAARC, African Union.

Regional Integration Process – Origin & Purpose, European Union (EU), ASEAN, SAARC, African Union.

Introduction and Approaches to Globalization, Role of Culture, Religion in International Relations.       

Introduction and Approaches to Globalization, Role of Culture, Religion in International Relations.       

Foreign Policy of India: Evolution, Features, Objectives. India’s relations with the United States, Russia, China and Pakistan, Act East Policy.

Foreign Policy of India: Evolution, Features, Objectives. India’s relations with the United States, Russia, China and Pakistan, Act East Policy.

Heywood, Andrew. (2014). Global Politics. Palgrave Foundations

Goldstein, J.S. (2007). International Relations. New Delhi: Pearson.

Harshe, R. (2006). Culture, Identity and International Relations. Economic and Political Weekly, 3945-3951.

Malone, D. (2011), ‘Does the Elephant Dance: Contemporary Indian Foreign

 Policy, Oxford University Press.

Margret Karns and Karen Mingst (2009), ‘International Organizations: The Politics and Process of Global Governance’ .

Mearsheimer, John J., ‘The False Promise of International Institutions’, International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3, (Winter 1994/95).

Abott, Kenneth, et.al (eds) (2015), ‘International Organizations as Orchestrators’.

Acharya, A. (2002). “Regionalism and the Emerging World Order: Sovereignty,

Autonomy. Identity” in Breslin, S., Hughes, C. W., Phillips, N., & Rosamond, B. (Eds.). (2003). New Regionalism in the Global Political Economy: Theories and Cases. Routledge.

Barry Buzan and Ole Weaver (2003), ‘Regions and Powers: The structure of International Security.

C. Raja Mohan, (2005), ‘Crossing the Rubicon: The Shaping of New Foreign Policy’

Friedman, Thomas (2005), ‘The World is Flat’, Penguin. Allen Lake

Pant, H. (2016) ‘Indian Foreign Policy: An Overview’ Manchester University Press.

Shaw, M. N. (2008), ‘International law, A clear, authoritative and comprehensive introduction to the study of international law’, Cambridge University Press.

Sumit Ganguly (2012), eds ‘India’s Foreign Policy: Retrospect and Prospect’, Oxford India.

Zakaria, Fareed (2008). The Post-American World. Penguin Viking. 

Course Description: 

The study of constitutions for studying various societies and their politics is not new as it started centuries back with Aristotle’s systematic classification of constitutions. However, over time Comparative Politics attempted to make it more advanced and less value biased by studying political systems and not constitutions. Though there are many classifications based upon which we can arrive at various ‘types’ of political systems, the parliamentary and presidential political systems have inspired many countries. Since the UK and USA are considered the main inspirations behind these two types of political systems, it becomes extremely necessary to study them for developing a truly comparative perspective. This course will try to understand their institutions, conventions, practices, party systems and pressures-challenges before them to get a fuller understanding of their day to day working. Besides, ideals and tools of direct democracy are always the source of improvisation for modern democratic states and the political systems that are closest to them is that of Switzerland. This necessitates the study of the Swiss political system and its unique institutions like Landsgemeinde, Popular Initiative, Mandatory and Optional Referendums, Double Majority etc. Finally, all of the above-mentioned political systems are multi-party, liberal democracies and to get a better understanding of political systems in a comparative perspective, this course offers the study of People’s Republic of China which is a communist, one party dominated state.

Course Objectives:

The course aims to help students to:

• introduce the study of comparative political systems and constitutions.
• to enhance the structural dynamics of political systems of UK, USA, Switzerland and China.
• Contemporary issues and debates-challenges around functional aspects of governance in the selected countries with a comparative perspective.
• Comprehend the principles and historical roots that shaped the nature and behaviour of the select states.
• analyse, compare and contrast different political systems, and thereby gain the skills to do comparative studies around the strengths, weaknesses and potential of any political system.

Political System of United Kingdom; Constitutional Development: Evolution, Salient features, Conventions; The Parliament, Executive and the Crown; The Judiciary and Rule of Law; Political Party System: Features, Elections and Electoral Issues.

Political System of United Kingdom; Constitutional Development: Evolution, Salient features, Conventions; The Parliament, Executive and the Crown; The Judiciary and Rule of Law; Political Party System: Features, Elections and Electoral Issues.

Political System of the United State of America; Constitutional Development: Evolution, Salient features, Amendments; The Congress and the Executive; Senate as most Powerful Second Chamber in the World; The Judiciary and Judicial Review; Political Party System: Features, Elections and Electoral Issues.

Political System of the United State of America; Constitutional Development: Evolution, Salient features, Amendments; The Congress and the Executive; Senate as most Powerful Second Chamber in the World; The Judiciary and Judicial Review; Political Party System: Features, Elections and Electoral Issues.

Political System of Switzerland; Constitutional History: Constitutions of 1848, 1874 and 1999; The Evolution of Swiss Federation and Position of Cantons; The Plural Executive, Federal Assembly and Justice System; Political Parties, Election System and Electoral Issues; Direct Democracy, Landsgemeinde, Mandatory Referendum and Popular Initiative.

Political System of Switzerland; Constitutional History: Constitutions of 1848, 1874 and 1999; The Evolution of Swiss Federation and Position of Cantons; The Plural Executive, Federal Assembly and Justice System; Political Parties, Election System and Electoral Issues; Direct Democracy, Landsgemeinde, Mandatory Referendum and Popular Initiative.

Political System of the People’s Republic of China; Historical Influences: Past Empires, 1911 and 1949 Revolutions, Four Big Modernisations 1979; The Party and the State; The President and the Premier; Rights and Duties of Citizens; Elections and Electoral Issues; Judiciary, Law and Order and Military.

Political System of the People’s Republic of China; Historical Influences: Past Empires, 1911 and 1949 Revolutions, Four Big Modernisations 1979; The Party and the State; The President and the Premier; Rights and Duties of Citizens; Elections and Electoral Issues; Judiciary, Law and Order and Military.

Anand Menon; Martin Schain, (2006). Comparative Federalism: The European Union and the United States in Comparative Perspective, OUP.

Steinberg, J. (2015) Why Switzerland, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK

Tatu Vanhanen, (2003). Democratization: A Comparative Analysis of 170 Countries, Routledge.

Todd Landman, (2003). Issues and Methods in Comparative Politics: An Introduction, Routledge.

J. C. Johari, (2013). Comparative Politics, Sterling Publishers Private limited.

Thomas Poguntke; Paul Webb (2005). The Presidentialization of Politics: A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies , Oxford University Press

This course, Principles and Practices of Public Administration, offers varied principles and techniques of organization on the one hand and the application side of it. The course is more oriented towards practice. It introduces the evolution of the civil service, which is part of the executive body, and the theories and arguments relating to that. Specifically, it provides Basic Concepts and Principles of organization like Hierarchy, Unity of Command, Span of Control, Authority and Responsibility etc. Besides, students learn the challenges of the executive body in the political as well as administrative systems of the state.

Course Objectives

The course aims to help students to:

• perceive the Principles of Organization, its relevance and implications involved in its application in governmental and non-governmental agencies. 
• analyse the nature and importance of personnel administration. 
• comprehend the role of bureaucracy in India context, challenges, and debates.

Meaning and Significance. Types of Bureaucracy – Aristocratic (Guardian and Class), Spoils, Democratic (w.s.r.t. Weberian Bureaucracy)

Meaning and Significance. Types of Bureaucracy – Aristocratic (Guardian and Class), Spoils, Democratic (w.s.r.t. Weberian Bureaucracy)

Recruitment (w.s.r.t. India). Training. Position Classification, Promotion and Compensation. Discipline, Rights and Duties.                                          

Recruitment (w.s.r.t. India). Training. Position Classification, Promotion and Compensation. Discipline, Rights and Duties.                                          

Generalist Vs. specialist. Civil Service Neutrality, Anonymity, Impartiality, Commitment, Morale and Motivation. Ethics, Integrity and Professional Standards in Administration.

Generalist Vs. specialist. Civil Service Neutrality, Anonymity, Impartiality, Commitment, Morale and Motivation. Ethics, Integrity and Professional Standards in Administration.

Meaning and Significance. Legislative, Executive, Judicial, and Popular control over Civil Services. Ombudsman in India: CVC, Lok Pal and Lok Ayuktha.     

Meaning and Significance. Legislative, Executive, Judicial, and Popular control over Civil Services. Ombudsman in India: CVC, Lok Pal and Lok Ayuktha.     

Civil Servants’ loyalty and security of service. Corruption-causes and Remedies.

Civil Servants’ loyalty and security of service. Corruption-causes and Remedies.

Mid Semester Examination

End Semester Examination

The primary objective of this course is to familiarize the database management and various discipline specific software packages to the students and help them to analyse the basic statistical methods for data analysis. The theme identified for the fifth and sixth semester is Data management and Technical Knowledge.

The course aims to:

• Develop discipline specific skills for professional and personal growth.
• Provide a platform to nurture and hone skills necessary for professional development. 

Students must choose MOOC courses offered by various online platforms in the specific themes given for the Fifth and sixth semesters. This consists of various discipline software packages, SPSS, Excel, R, Adobe, Python, Tableau, Nvivo etc.

Students must choose MOOC courses offered by various online platforms in the specific themes given for the Fifth and sixth semesters. This consists of various discipline software packages, SPSS, Excel, R, Adobe, Python, Tableau, Nvivo etc.

Students must choose MOOC courses offered by various online platforms in the specific themes given for the Fifth and sixth semesters. This consists of various discipline software packages, SPSS, Excel, R, Adobe, Python, Tableau, Nvivo etc.